The Malay martial art of Silat
Tanding is an importance source of traditional acting technique. A notational
analysis of Silat Tanding have four matches between the winner and losing group
in men class C 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. The teams that has
been conclude in this research are quarter-final from team quarterfinal,
Vietnam vs Singapore and Laos vs Philippines. For semi-final match, Vietnam vs
Laos and final, Vietnam vs Thailand. Many technique are used in Silat Tanding.
For this research, researcher only choose four technique which are punch, kick,
topple and sweep. The hit target, hit elsewhere and miss opponent was used to notate
analysis record all the selected outcomes to compliment this study. The purpose
of the analysis is to determine the significant difference between winners and
losers on the action during match. The sources video that was notate is from
the YouTube. SPSS version 20.0 was used to do the statistical analysis. The
comparison between red and blue will analyse using
INTRODUCTION
The first word of Pencak
Silat was use while the organization of the unity of Pencak schools
and Silat schools in Indonesia was founded in Surakrta in 1948 which called Ikatan
Pencak Silat Indonesia, abbreviated as IPSI had built (Kartomi, 2011).
Silat olahraga
competitions use the elements of the game that based on norms of the sport. In
silat olahraga competition, there are three types of games such as championship
games, games shows and free competition or extraordinary championship. The main
role of silat is constantly self-protection (Wahab, 1991). Based on Shapie, Nizam, Oliver, O'Donoghue, and
Tong (2013) Silat exponent’s motions was coded into 14 different types of
movements, such as punch, kick, block, catch, topple, sweep, self-release,
block and sweep, fake punch, fake kick and others. The nature of work
periods within any combat sports depends on the frequency, volume and type of
the activity being performed. The distribution of fight time and break time has
been determined in international silat competition in the previous research
(Shapie et al., 2008).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Match Analysis
Videos recording that is a publicly
available that shows male silat match at the 28th SEA Games
Singapore 2015 was used for analysis process. A few matches has been chooses
for notate to be the sample in this study. The team that has been choose are
from man Silat Olahraga match from class C which the characteristic is over
55kg to 60 kg are quarterfinal, Vietnam vs Singapore and Laos vs Philippines.
For semi-final match, Vietnam vs Laos and final, Vietnam vs Thailand. The
source of match videos were found from YouTube. By watching that videos, the
matches has been used to notated and analysed for this study. The commencement
and completion of each individual action period was notated using hand
notational.
Motion Categories
In silat, they had 14 categories
motions and were defined as followed (Mohamed Shapie, Oliver, O’donoghue, & Tong, 2013):
Punch: The
punch ‘tumbuk’ attack is done by a hand with a clos - ed fist hitting the
target. In silat punching is often used to fight the opponent. It can be a
straight punch ‘tumbuk lurus’ or uppercut ‘sauk’ to the exponent body’s (Anuar,
1992).
Kick: The
kick ‘tendang / terajang’ is an attacking movement which is performed with one
leg or two legs simultaneously. A kick can be aimed at any target. It can be
front kick ‘tendang depan’, side-kick ‘depak’ or semi-circular side kick
‘tendang lengkar’ (Anuar, 1992).
Block: The
blocking movements begin with the posture position ‘sikap pasang’: the exponent
stands straight with his hands around his body or close to his chest. Blocking
or parrying ‘tangkisan’ can be done using arms, elbows and legs with the
purpose to block off or striking back at any attack (Anuar, 1992).
Catch: The
catch ‘tangkapan’ is done by using the hand to ob - struct the opponent from
carrying out an attack. The silat ex - ponent is able to prevent himself from
being attacked by pointing the attack which he has caught to another direction.
A catch which twists or drags the opponent is forbidden. Also, a catch which
could break the part which is being held such as the leg and waist is also
forbidden. These regulations exist to protect the silat exponent’s (Anuar,
1992).
Topple: There are various ways of toppling
down one’s opponent. For example, a silat exponent ‘pesilat’ can either push,
shove the opponent’s back leg from the bag or from the side, shove, hit, kick,
strike or punch to make the opponent lose his balance. Every fall is considered
valid as long as the silat exponent topples his opponent down without wrestling
or he is able to overpower the opponent whom he has brought down (Anuar, 1992).
Sweep:
Swiping ‘sapuan’ involves attacking an opponent’s leg which are on the ground
to unstabilise him and bring down to the ground. A silat exponent can perform
this attacking movement either with his right or left leg, Hence, front sweep
‘sapu - an depan’ is done by swinging the leg to the front to push an
opponent’s front leg, while back sweep ‘sapuan belakang’ is carried out by swinging
the leg backward to hit the back leg (Anuar, 1992).
Evade/Dodge: The evade ‘elakan’
technique is carried out by silat exponent when he tries to evade an attack.
This technique does not require the silat exponent to touch the opponent in
fending off the attack. They are many ways of carrying out his de - fensive
movement such as dodging ‘gelek’, retreat ‘mundur’, evasion to the side ‘elak
sisi’, bending ‘elak serung’, jumping ‘lonjak’, ducking ‘susup’ and etc.
(Anuar, 1992).
Self-Release:
Self-release ‘lepas tangkapan’ technique is a technique to unlock any clinch or
catch from an opponent (Anuar, 1993).
Block
and Punch: The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack
from the opponent and followed by counter attack using the hand to punch the
opponent (Nizam et al., 2013).
Block
and Kick: The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack
from the opponent and followed by counter attack using the leg to kick the
opponent (Nizam et al., 2013).
Block
and Sweep: The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack
from the opponent and followed by counter attack using sweeping technique to
the opponent (Nizam et al., 2013).
Fake
Punch: An action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent
using a fake punch to break his opponent’s defensive posture (Nizam et al.,
2013).
Fake
Kick: An action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent
using a fake kick to break his opponent defensive posture (Nizam et al., 2013).
Others:
Both silat exponents are either in posture position ‘sikap pasang’ or coming
close to each other using silat step pattern ‘pola langkah’. All the activities
are considered high intensity except for others which at that time both silat
exponents are in low intensity periods (Nizam et al., 2013).
Reliability
of Observation
The researcher analysed all the videos and
simultaneously classified each change of motion in a single match. Two
observations were done separated by 48hours. It requires experienced silat
practitioner to analyse the data as the movement of both exponents is fast,
needing close inspection. The classification of movement was subjective with
work being classified according to the instruction given by the referee.
Statistical Analysis
The observation generated data will be
frequency counted. All the raw data generated by hand notational and then was
transferred into SPSS for more detailed analysis. Statistical analysis was
conducted using IBM Statistical Package for Social Scientist (SPSS) data
editor.
RESULTS
Table 1 is the data that collected from watching the video.
Table 2 is the analysis that taken out the mean and standard deviation FOR
selected performance indicator which punch, kick, topple and sweep. The outcome
used are hit target, hit elsewhere and miss opponent.
Match 1: Men’s Class C Quarter Final between Vietnam vs
Singapore
Winner: Red (Vietnam)
Table 1
ACTIONS
|
Outcomes Indicators
|
|||||||
Vietnam
|
Singapore
|
|||||||
Hit
Target
|
Miss
opponent
|
Hit
elsewhere
|
Others
|
Hit
target
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Hit
elsewhere
|
Others
|
|
Punch
|
1
|
3
|
||||||
Kick
|
5
|
3
|
1
|
4
|
10
|
3
|
||
Block
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
||||
Catch
|
2
|
1
|
5
|
1
|
||||
Topple
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
||||
Sweep
|
5
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
||||
Dodge
|
2
|
1
|
||||||
Self-release
|
3
|
1
|
||||||
Block and punch
|
||||||||
Block and kick
|
3
|
|||||||
Block and sweep
|
1
|
|||||||
Fake punch
|
||||||||
Fake kick
|
1
|
|||||||
TOTAL
|
24
|
8
|
1
|
17
|
19
|
19
|
3
|
17
|
Frequency table
Exponent
|
Punch
|
Kick
|
Topple
|
Sweep
|
Total
|
Vietnam
|
1
|
9
|
2
|
6
|
18
|
Singapore
|
3
|
17
|
4
|
4
|
28
|
Total
|
4
|
26
|
6
|
10
|
46
|
Calculation for standard deviation
and mean
Group
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std.
Deviation
|
Std. Error
mean
|
|
Score
|
Vietnam
|
3
|
6.00
|
1.414
|
1.000
|
Singapore
|
3
|
6.57
|
2.791
|
1.090
|
Match 2: Men’s
Class C Quarter Final between Laos vs Philippines
Winner: Red (Laos)
Table 2
ACTIONS
|
Outcomes Indicators
|
|||||||
Laos
|
Philippines
|
|||||||
Hit
Target
|
Miss
opponent
|
Hit
elsewhere
|
Others
|
Hit
target
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Hit
elsewhere
|
Others
|
|
Punch
|
6
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
3
|
||
Kick
|
6
|
4
|
8
|
6
|
1
|
10
|
||
Block
|
4
|
1
|
4
|
5
|
5
|
2
|
||
Catch
|
9
|
3
|
5
|
6
|
6
|
|||
Topple
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
||
Sweep
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
||||
Dodge
|
2
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
||||
Self-release
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
|||||
Block and punch
|
||||||||
Block and kick
|
||||||||
Block and sweep
|
||||||||
Fake punch
|
2
|
1
|
||||||
Fake kick
|
1
|
1
|
||||||
TOTAL
|
33
|
14
|
17
|
17
|
24
|
20
|
24
|
17
|
Frequency table
Exponent
|
Punch
|
Kick
|
Topple
|
Sweep
|
Total
|
Laos
|
9
|
18
|
6
|
4
|
37
|
Philippines
|
6
|
17
|
4
|
2
|
29
|
Total
|
15
|
35
|
10
|
6
|
66
|
Calculation for Standard deviation
Group
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std.
Deviation
|
Std. Error
mean
|
|
Score
|
Laos
|
3
|
6.07
|
2.479
|
0.767
|
Philippines
|
3
|
6.20
|
2.368
|
0.706
|
Winner: Blue (Vietnam)
Table 3
ACTIONS
|
Outcomes Indicators
|
|||||||
Laos
|
Vietnam
|
|||||||
Hit
Target
|
Miss
opponent
|
Hit
elsewhere
|
Others
|
Hit
target
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Hit
elsewhere
|
Others
|
|
Punch
|
5
|
4
|
5
|
1
|
2
|
|||
Kick
|
4
|
7
|
12
|
8
|
1
|
3
|
||
Block
|
1
|
|||||||
Catch
|
3
|
1
|
||||||
Topple
|
1
|
4
|
||||||
Sweep
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
3
|
2
|
|||
Dodge
|
||||||||
Self-release
|
||||||||
Block and punch
|
||||||||
Block and kick
|
1
|
|||||||
Block and sweep
|
||||||||
Fake punch
|
5
|
4
|
2
|
3
|
||||
Fake kick
|
3
|
1
|
||||||
TOTAL
|
23
|
17
|
13
|
17
|
23
|
8
|
5
|
17
|
Frequency table
exponent
|
punch
|
kick
|
topple
|
Sweep
|
total
|
Laos
|
9
|
21
|
4
|
3
|
37
|
Vietnam
|
8
|
12
|
4
|
5
|
29
|
Total
|
17
|
33
|
8
|
8
|
66
|
Calculation for Standard deviation
Group
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std.
Deviation
|
Std. Error
mean
|
|
Score
|
Laos
|
3
|
6.03
|
2.427
|
0.688
|
Vietnam
|
3
|
6.74
|
3.131
|
0.974
|
Vietnam disqualified
Table 4
ACTIONS
|
Outcomes Indicators
|
|||||||
Thailand
|
Vietnam
|
|||||||
Hit
Target
|
Miss
opponent
|
Hit
elsewhere
|
Others
|
Hit
target
|
Miss
Opponent
|
Hit
elsewhere
|
Others
|
|
Punch
|
7
|
4
|
8
|
2
|
||||
Kick
|
6
|
2
|
3
|
7
|
5
|
3
|
||
Block
|
1
|
|||||||
Catch
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
|||||
Topple
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
|||||
Sweep
|
3
|
5
|
1
|
|||||
Dodge
|
||||||||
Self-release
|
||||||||
Block and punch
|
||||||||
Block and kick
|
||||||||
Block and sweep
|
||||||||
Fake punch
|
1
|
1
|
||||||
Fake kick
|
2
|
1
|
||||||
TOTAL
|
18
|
5
|
10
|
13
|
20
|
14
|
6
|
13
|
DISSCUSSION
Refer to Table 1, the punch, kick
and sweep from the winner which is red team is bigger than loser team. Refer to
the total of hit target, red team got 24 and blue team only got 19. The miss
opponent from the blue team also higher than red team. Using the SPSS, the
results for standard deviation from red team are 1.414 and from the blue team
are 2.719. According to the table 2, the winner group which is red colour score
high at the punch hit target which 6 and the losers group only got 2. Even
though the frequency of kick hit target is the same between winner and loser,
winner team score higher hit target at another actions likes catch and dodge.
The score for hit target from the winner is 33 and from the loser is 24. The
Standard deviation from winner are 2.479 and from loser are 2.368.
Table 3 shows the kick hit target
from the winner is higher than loser which are 8 from winner group and 4 from
loser group. And topple from the winner also higher than loser. Even though
their total for hit target which are from the winner and loser group are same,
the total of miss opponent from the loser is 17 which is very high compare with
winner group only 8. The standard deviation from winner group is 3.131 and from
loser group is 2.427. Refer to the table 4, Vietnam scored the highest mark.
However, their player disqualified from the game at the round 3 because he hit
the Thailand player face until collapsed.
CONCLUSION
Seni pencak silat is a combination of
martial and art. This study want to determine the significant difference
between winners and losers by focusing on punch, kick, topple and dodge for Hit
Target, Hit Elsewhere and Miss Opponent. According to Tong et al., (2013) it is
recommended that those developing conditioning elements of training programmes
for silat athletes are aware of the frequency and spread of duration of action
and rest periods within action periods. The implication from a coaching
perspective of the types and frequencies of strikes used would suggest that in
training, a large proportion of time need to be utilised in development of
punching, kicking, topple and dodge as well as the conditioning of full body in
order to absorb strikes and resist fatigue during match to being able to defend
counter attact effectively. O’Donoghue, Tong (2013) it is important to
understand that high intensity actions such as punch, kick, topple, sweep and
block will contribute more in the score points rather than low intensity
actions in Pencak Silat. Notational
analysis proved to be a valuable tool for better training through technical and
tactical aspects of artistic interpretation in relation to the level of
competition. The nature of work periods within any combat sports
depends on the frequency, volume and type of the activity being performed.
RECOMMENDATION
By notating the matches, it clearly
seen the most of the losers always got miss opponent during attack the
opponent. From that, it shows the weaknesses from the loser group which failed
to attack opponent and the loser group need to improve their reaction time to
make sure they can defence their self and can attack at the target to get the
points.
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Pustaka; 1993.
Anuar AW. Teknik dalam seni silat melayu [In Malay] (Technique in
Silat Melayu). Kuala Lumpur:
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka; 1992.
Latiff, Z. A. (2012b). Revisiting pencak silat:
The malay martial arts in theatre practice and actor training. Asian
Theatre Journal, 29(2), 379-401.
Mohamed Shapie, M. N., Oliver, J.,
O’donoghue, P., & Tong, R. (2013). Activity
profile during action time in national silat competition (Vol. 4).
Nizam, M., Shapie, M., & Elias, M. S. (2015).
Seni Silat Malaysia : The Malay Arts of Self- Defence.
In 1st World Congress on Health and Martial Arts in Interdisciplinary 15 Seni
(p. 2015)
Shapie MNM, Oliver J, O’Donoghue PG, Tong R. Distribution of fight
and break time in international
Silat competition. In:
Hokelmann, A. and Brummond, M, editors. Performance Analysis of Sport VIII. .
Wahab, A. A. (1996). Silat Olahraga (4th ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
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